فصلنامه ادبیات و زبانهای محلی ایران زمین
سال دهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 28، تابستان 1399)

Bakhtiari tribe with its own history, culture and literature is one of the Iranian tribes in the central part of the middle area of Zagros. Understanding the literature and dialect of this civilization is important for considering the customs, cultural, political, social and religious elements of this ethnicity - in different means - and in terms of stylistic features.  The purpose of this study is to explain developments and factors influencing Bakhtiari's poetry. Considering the importance of this ethnic’s literature, Bakhtiari's poetry has been studied from the beginning according to the evolutionary course via the existing works of prominent poets; then, regarding the historical path, the post-constitutional changes have been identified and analyzed by examples. Then, we have discussed the features and factors of its segmentation. This research is a descriptive-analytical one and at the end of each period, tangible examples of poems are presented. The results have shown that Bakhtiari's poems were written in Bakhtiari dialect after the constitutional period and there was no written poem in Bakhtiari dialect previously. The literary history of this ethnicity, at the same time psychologically and simplicity, has made it attractive and enjoyable, and it has undergone a fundamental change after the Constitutional period under the influence of various factors, with a wide variety of subjects expressing varied cultural variables and components in this ethnicity.

Toponyms are a great number of lexicon, which have emerged during centuries to name a place. In Iran, our country, the naming process of most villages and cities happens based on natural geographical phenomena like mountains, hills, plains, passes, valleys, rivers, springs, floods, storms and so on. The name of the cities like Damavand, Uromia, Miandoab, etc. and villages like Seilabad, Garehtapeh, Dashbilag, etc. are explicit samples of this kind of naming in Iran. The main goal of the present study is to investigate geotoponyms in the naming of the villages in West Azerbaijan province. Classifying the local authentic names and mentioning the primary sources like Irannica and Britannica, we exert and analyze our optimized names. The results show a prominent degree of relation between naming of villages and natural geographical phenomena in West Azerbaijan region. Among these, natural geographical phenomena related to heights, mountains, valleys, and plains have the uppermost influence on naming the villages of the region.

Kalhor tribe is one of the largest and most wide-ranging home-grown people of Iran throughout the history. From the study of existing and used vocabulary in the Kurdish dialect, it appears these vocabularies are of such an age that their background is in Middle Persian or Pahlavi. Some of these words have remained unchanged over time, and some have been affected by linguistic variations. This paper tries to study the structure, and the evolution of the present vocabulary in the Ivyani Kalhor dialect, using the two methods of library and field studying, in an analytical-descriptive approach. From the findings of the research, it has achieved that a part of the vocabulary has been transposed from Pahlavi to the Kurdish dialect (Avon) in terms of form and meaning. The other part is also transmitted in an identical manner, but the meaning of it has been changed. The third group is a lexical word in which the evolution of the sounds (the process of reduction, the process of increasing, the process of transformation and the dual process) has happened.

Polysemy is one of the most important issues that has been considered in different schools of linguistics and especially in cognitive approach. In this descriptive-documentary study, polysemy in loanwords of Persian and Turkish of Azerbaijani was discussed. The data selected from local journals in Persian and Turkish languages, the Turkish-Persian dictionary of Shahmaresi and the Persian-Azerbaijani dictionary written by Behzadi. Prototypical meanings were based on the results of the interview and the linguistic intuition of the authors. Totally, 20 polysemous common adjectives identified from the corpuses and a radial network drawn from six of them. Among the cognitive mechanisms of polysemy creation, it was proved that conceptual metaphors would play the greatest role among them. Moreover, the connection between the meanings of polysemous adjectives is not accidental, but a systematic relationship existed and described by radial categorization. It was also found that the cognitive mechanisms of polysemy creation in Turkish and Persian common adjectives (loanwords) were the same and they differed only in the number of peripheral meanings which can be a step in confirming the sharing of human cognitive abilities. Also, high number of peripheral meanings in the target language may be due to the bilingualism and dynamic schematics. The results, along with complementary studies, can be applied in the field of language teaching, lexicography, more efficient translation machines and they will be helpful for all the stakeholders in the field.

Chelsoro means forty songs or forty single verses in Laki language taken in the form of foretelling, and it used to realize the end of the intention that the person receiving the divination has in his heart. This pleasant tradition is one of the literary manifestations of Lorestan, Ilam and Kermanshah regions. It has a long history among the people of these areas. The beloved has a special place in the verses of this type. Therefore, in the present article, the image of the beloved in the verses of this viewpoint has been studied in order to understand this literary tradition in the Iranian culture and literature community well. Additionally, the image of the beloved in the verses of Chelsoro is explained. The obtained results of the present research, in descriptive-analytical method, have shown that distinctive physical characteristics, metaphors, and similes with different similarities and elements separate the lover of forty verses from the well-known lover songs of Persian literature, which is undoubtedly affected by the environment and geographical conditions of the western regions of the country.

Bakhtiari myths are narrated in simple language and it appeared so close to Farsi language, which combined with local one. However, in expressing other aspects of public literature, ie, tongues and proverbs, myths and stories, the main source of narration is the dialect of the area in question. Bakhtiari tales have semantic and structural similarities to linguistic proximity and the legends of the central regions of Iran. Regarding a few changes to these myths, most of them can be converted to a potential source of material for most audiences even in other regions. Apart from the importance of collecting such stories in the field of anthropology, sociology, social history of ethnic groups, etc., in terms of language, the inclusion of syntax, vocabulary and type of pronunciation, they have great importance in the structure of the tales. It is possible to record the syntax, vocabulary and pronunciation of their syllables by preserving and recording the stories. Moreover, in a period, it tends to use the official language to help disappearing dialects; accordingly, in this research one of the local myths of Bakhtiari (Sparrow story) has been collected and translated into Persian accent. Then, considering the descriptive method and content analysis, the story elements in this story have been analyzed. Due to the disappearance of many dialects and the new ones, the purpose of the present research is to preserve the stories and dialect used among them.